CLADOENDESIS OF EPHEMEROPTERA

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Autapomorphies of Kimminsula/g3.

(1) Patella-tibial suture of larva (but not in winged stages, see below) is different on all leg pairs: on foreleg it is absent, on middle leg complete, i.e. crossing inner side of tibia, on hind leg incomplete, i.e. not reaching inner side of tibia (Kluge et al. 2022: Figs 339–345, 499–503, 574–579) (in contrast to other taxa, see Index of characters [1.2.18]). 

(2) Tergalii have peculiar shape: each of two lamellae is widened and projected distally, forming two rounded projections by sides of the terminal process; at least in the dorsal lamella, incision between the posterior projection and the terminal process is more or less deeper than incision between the anterior projection and the terminal process. Ventral lamella is widened more or less greater than the dorsal lamella, especially in proximal part. Dorsal lamella is brown or gray, with margins more or less contrastingly colorless; ventral lamella either has similar coloration but lighter, or is colorless (Kluge et al. 2022: Figs 399–405, 521–527). In other respects structure and coloration of tergalii is either species-specific (ibid.: Figs 578–600), or varies individually (Kluge et al. 2022: Figs 348–354 and 355–361; 507–513 and 514–520). All 7 pairs of tergalii are retained.

(3) Apex of each paired penis lobe bears a large pointed process directed medially-ventrally-cranially; this process has conic shape (i.e. roundish in cross section) with sharply pointed apex; gonopore is located on medio-dorsal side of the penis lobe, proximad of the place where the spine is attached (Kluge et al. 2022: Figs 374–375, 377–378, 380, 417–418, 421–422, 469–472, 534, 545–546). 

Gonoducts proximad of the penis are soft and do not form capsules of regular shape (ibid.: Figs 418, 468) (in contrast to Ceylonula).

Subimago has the same penis structure. Subimaginal cuticle of the penis is colorless and non-sclerotized, does not retain its shape on shed exuviae; only conical pointed projection retain their shape.

Protopenis of last instar larva is apically rounded and lacks precursors of the medio-ventral spines; precursors of gonopores are present in latifolia [Kimminsula] (ibid.: Fig. 602), but absent in fasciatus [Potamanthus], taprobanes [Baetis] and podi [Kimminsula] (ibid.: Figs 379, 425–426, 549).

Among Kimminsula/g1, medio-ventral spines of other shapes are present in Ceylonula and Petersula/g1; Hubbardula has no spines.

Characters of Kimminsula/g3 of unclear phylogenetic status. 

 (4) Styliger is short, separated from the rest of sternite by straight line (in contrast to Hubbardula.); 1st segment of gonostylus is long and straight, with prominent inner-apical angle; 3rd and 4th segments are short and will-separated ((Kluge et al. 2022: Figs 376, 420, 472). The same in Petersula/g2.

Subimaginal gonostylus (which is shorter than imaginal), has similar structure (ibid.: Figs 419, 473).

(5) In larva, tibia of each leg pair bears two longitudinal rows of hair-like setae: one row just on outer side, another row anteriad of it (the same in Petersula and Hubbardula gen. n., in contrast to Ghatula and Ceylonula; each row is either regular, i.e. with 1 seta in section (Kluge et al. 2022: Fig. 501), or has a form of a strip with 1–3 setae in section (ibid.: Fig. 576).

(6) In subimago and imago [but not inn larva, see (1)], patella-tibial suture is absent on all legs (ibid.: Figs 460–462) (among Kimminsula/g1, the same in Petersula/g2 and Hubbardula, in contrast to Ghatula and Ceylonula, see Index of characters [2.2.82]).

Plesiomorphies of Kimminsula/g3.

Paracercus of subimago and imago is well developed, as long as cerci (Kluge et al. 2022: Figs 370–371, 458) (in contrast to Ceylonula).