CLADOENDESIS OF EPHEMEROPTERA

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Characters of Siphlaenigma of unclear phylogenetic status.

(1) In female imago and subimago (unlike male) structure of fore tarsus is the same as of middle and hind tarsus [see Tetramerotarsata (1)]: tarsus is 4-segmented including 1^st segment immobile fused with tibia. The same in some Turbanoculata (see Index of characters [2.2.75], [2.2.78.2], [2.2.83]).

(2) Maxillary palp has 3^rd (distalmost) segment strongly diminished.

(3) Labial palp has 2^nd segment widened inner-apically; 3^rd (distalmost) segment is not large (Kluge 2004: Fig.26:D); the same in selected taxa of Turbanoculata (see Index of characters [1.1.58]).

(4) In subimago of both sexes most segments of all tarsi are covered with pointed microlepides, only 1^st+2^nd segment of middle and hind legs and on female fore leg [see (1)] is covered with microtrichiae, like tibia. The same in some Turbanoculata (see Index of characters [2.2.75], [2.2.78.2], [2.2.83]).

Plesiomorphies of Siphlaenigma (unlike at least Turbanoculata). 

In imago and subimago: Eyes of male are not divided into two portions. Subimaginal sclerites of lateropostnotal crest and katepimeron are not elongate, not convergent (Kluge 2004: Fig.26:A). Furcasternal protuberances are contiguous. On fore wing MA forms a symmetrical fork near middle of wing; marginal intercalaries are absent; hind wing is well-developed, nearly as long as 0.3 of fore wing length, retains triads RS, MA, MP and veins CuA and CuP (Penniket 1962: Fig.1). On fore legs of male all 5 segments are long. Posterior projection of abdominal segment IX (i.e. styliger of male and postgenital plate of female) is large. Gonostylus has 2 distal segments. Penis is well-developed, with intrinsic muscle. Imaginal paracercus is well-developed, subequal to cerci. Ganglion of abdominal segment VIII separate from that of segment VII.

In larva: Kinetodontium is jointed, prostheca of both mandibles is brush-like (Kluge 2004: Fig.26:C). Larval mesonotum has a prominent relief repeating that of winged stages (unlike majority of Ephemeroptera); fore protoptera are not fused with apex of scutellum. Malpighian tubes are coiled. Unlike some specialized Turbanoculata, larva has siphlonuroid appearance – legs are able to stretch posteriorly; abdomen is able to make undulate movements; all tergalii I–VII are present; all three caudalii have dense primary swimming setae and have no secondary swimming setae. Unlike some Turbanoculata, setae proximad of prostheca are absent (Kluge 2004: Fig.26:C). Larval and adult patella-tibial suture is developed on middle and hind legs only (unlike larval Turbanoculata-Anteropatellata).