CLADOENDESIS OF EPHEMEROPTERA

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(1) Mouth apparatus is strongly modified and specialized for carnivorism (Kluge 2004: Fig.60:A–E): Labial palps, which in all other Radulapalpata (including carnivorous species) are specialized as scraping [see Radulapalpata (1)], in Raptoheptagenia have lost their scraping specialization and specialized as grasping: 2^nd+3^rd segment is sclerotized, pointed, thinned and curved in a form of hook, its setae are nearly completely reduced. Maxilla is biting, with enlarged canines and dentisetae, its apical margin is oblique, without typical for Pentamerotarsata pectinate setae [see Radulapalpata (3)] and without filtering setae. Hypopharynx is shorter and wider, and superlinguae [see (3)] are smaller than in other Radulapalpata; mandibles have shape typical for specialized predators: shortened perpendicular to axis of articulation, mola is tooth-like, without grater (McCafferty & Provonsha 1986: Fig.7,13).

(2) Tergalii are attached to ventral side of abdomen. Non-unique apomorphy (see Index of characters [1.3.22]), but not found in other Heptagennota.

Characters of Raptoheptagenia of unclear phylogenetic status. (3) Superlinguae [diminished – see (1)] are somewhat curved laterally (McCafferty & Provonsha 1986: Fig.13). Probably, a common feature with Heptagenia/f5=g4.

(4) Outer margin of larval femur [flattened – see Heptagennota (1)] bear long thin hairs and sparse stout pointed setae (Kluge 2004: Fig.60:F). Probably, a common feature with Heptagenia/f6=g5, while other Radulapalpata have a regular dense row of long stout setae.

(5) Larval caudalii lack whorls of stout setae on hind margins of segments. Among Radulapalpata the same in Cinygma and Rhithrogena/fg1, while in Heptagenia/f5=g4 whorls of stout setae are present.

(6) In imago and subimago 1^st tarsal segment is shortened, on fore tarsus of male several times shorter than 2^nd segment. Non-unique apomorphy (see Index of characters [2.2.76]); among Pentamerotarsata the same in Heptagenia/f8=g7, Dacnogenia and selected species of Kageronia, Stenonema/g1, Ecdyonurus/fg1, Rhithrogena/fg3.