CLADOENDESIS OF EPHEMEROPTERA

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(1) Imago is short-living, middle and hind legs are non-functional. Non-unique apomorphy (see Index of characters [2] and [2.2.80]).

(2) In imago amphitornal margin of wings with setae similar to that of subimago. Non-unique apomorphy (see Index of characters [2.2.27]).

(3) Larvae (attributed to Exeuthyplocia/fg1 only presumably) have burrowing specialization. Tusks [see Euthyplocia/fg1 (2)] are more stout than in other Euthyplocia/fg1, thick at base and narrowed toward apex. Fore leg has femur and tibia thicker than in other Euthyplocia/fg1. Femur of middle leg is shortened, sharply widened and somewhat curved in such a manner, that the middle leg can be directed anteriorly; its form is similar to middle femur of Fossoriae, but unlike it, retains dense setation on initially anterior (dorsal) side (directed anteriorly and inward), but has no dense setation on initially posterior (ventral) side (directed posteriorly and outside). Abdominal terga with long dense setae directed dorsally; these setae form a pair of widely separated longitudinal stripes on segments III–VII; tergalii are able to fold, being pressed from sides to these stripes of setae (unlike Fossoriae, whose tergalii are fold on abdomen, being brought together at median line).

An assumption was suggested, that burrowing specialization is a synapomorphy of Exeuthyplocia/fg1 and Polymitarcys/f1=Ephoron/g2 (Gillies 1980a). This assumption contradicts the ideas about holophyly of Euthyplocia, holophyly of Cryptoprosternata and holophyly of Fossoriae. Actually, the similarity between larvae of Exeuthyplocia/fg1 and Polymitarcys/f1=Ephoron/g2 is superficial; particularly, similar projection in front of head in Exeuthyplocia is formed by clypeus ventrad of tentorial pits (Kluge 2004: Fig.69:I) [see Euthyplocia/fg1 (1)], while in Polymitarcys/f1=Ephoron/g2 it is formed by frons dorsad of tentorial pits [see Fossoriae (2)] (Kluge 2004: Fig.76:A).

Characters of Exeuthyplocia/fg1 of unclear phylogenetic status (Table).

(4) Gonostylus without distal segment [i.e. 1-segmented – see Euthyplocia/fg1 (5)]. Non-unique apomorphy (see Index of characters [2.3.12]); among Euthyplocia/fg1 the same in Campylocia and Polyplocia; probably, synapomorphy.

(5) Imaginal paracercus of male is vestigial (while in female paracercus is subequal to cerci). Non-unique apomorphy (see Index of characters [2.3.22]); among Euthyplocia/fg1 the same in one species of Euthyplocia/fg2.

Plesiomorphies of Exeuthyplocia/fg1. In cubital field of fore wing several (5–7) simple or branched sigmoid veins arise directly from CuA [see Plesiomorphies of Euthyplocia/fg1] (unlike Campylocia and Polyplocia). Larval fore tarsus [see (3)] without projection (unlike Euthyplocia/fg2 and Polyplocia).