CLADOENDESIS OF EPHEMEROPTERA

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Plesiomorphies of Ephemerellina/g1. In imago and subimago (unknown for jobini [Indoganodes], brincki Demoulin 1970 [Ephemerellina]): Eyes of male are large (unlike some Tricoryptera and others). Imaginal and subimaginal mesonotum (examined for harrisoni [L.] only) has structure primitive for Ephemerella/fg1 [see Ephemerella/fg1 (9) and (10)]: mesonotal suture is distinct, lateroparapsidal suture is curved laterally; subimaginal lateral pigmented area of mesonotum is bordered by relief line; scutellum is not modified, infrascutellum is present (as in Ephemerella/fg2 and Vietnamella, unlike Teloganodes/f1=g3, Teloganella and Tricoryptera). Cubital field of fore wing with vestiges of 2 bifurcate veins [see Ephemerella/fg1 (15)] variably developed, sometimes reduced to 1–4 intercalaries. Hind wing is well-developed, as long as 0.2–0.25 of fore wing length, with Sc reaching wing apex, RS branching, and veins behind MP₁ developed (unlike Teloganodes/f1=g3, Teloganella and Tricoryptera).

Variable characters of Ephemerellina/g1. Larval head either has normal shape, or (in penicillata [L.]) is flattened with frons forming a wide flat shield, which is margined by a row of long setae and overlaps clypeus, labrum and mandibles; in this case, mandibles are strongly shortened (Demoulin 1970e: Fig.15a-d) (similar to Dicercomyzon, some Teloganodes/f1=g3 and others — see Index of characters [1.1.4]).

Each larval claws can bear 1 row of denticles [see Ephemerella/fg1 (18)], or 2 equal rows (in crassi [E.] and brincki [E.], united in Nadinetella) (the same in some other taxa — see Index of characters [1.2.21]).

Projections of posterior margin of larval abdominal terga [see Ephemerella/fg1 (19)] can be either vary individually from paired to unpaired (in crassi [E.] and brincki [E.]), or are constantly unpaired (in barnardi [E.], harrisoni [L.], animosa [M.], sphyxia [M.]), or absent (in penicillata [L.]) (Demoulin 1970e: Fig.12–15; McCafferty & Wang 1997: Fig.4–7, 74–76).

Number of tergalii is variable (see Table): Tergalii I [stick-like – see Ephemerella/fg1 (13)] are either present (in crassi [E.], penicillata [L.], harrisoni [L.], animosa [M.], sphyxia [M.]), or lost (in jobini [Indoganodes], barnardi [E.] and brincki [E.]); lamellate tergalii can be developed either up to pair VI (in jobini [Indoganodes], harrisoni [L.] and barnardi [E.]), or up to pair V (in brincki [E.] and crassi [E.]), or up to pair IV only (in penicillata [L.]).