CLADOENDESIS OF EPHEMEROPTERA

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Probable autapomorphies of Chopralla.

(1) In larva, at least abdominal terga I–IV lack denticles on posterior margins.

(2) Rows of bifurcate setae [see Centroptella/g1 ()] are present on abdominal sterna IV–V only, being absent on sternum VI (in contrast to Centroptella/g2).

Characters of Chopralla of unclear phylogenetic status (probable plesiomorpies). 

(3) In larva, posterior arm of U-shaped row of long setae [ see Centroptella/g1 ()] on fore- and middle leg is situated more transversely than longitudinally and crosses tibia  (Figs ). The same in Crassolus, in contrast to Centroptella/g3.

(4) In larva, claws with 2 rows of denticles (Figs ). The same in Crassolus, in contrast to Centroptella/g3.

Plesiomorphies of Chopralla.

(5) In last larval instar, developing subimaginal gonostyli folded under larval cuticle in «Nigrobaetis-type» pose, with 3rd segments directed caudally (Fig. ). The same in many other Baetovectata, but in contrast to Centroptella/g2, whose gonostyli are folded in the peculiar «Crassolus-type» pose (see Index of characters [2.3.9]).

(6) Gonovectes without halberd-like widenings apically (in contrast to Crassolus).

(7) Sterno-styligeral muscle is retained (in contrast to Crassolus), being rather weak and often divided into a pair of convergent muscles (Figs ).