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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRACHEAL GILLS AND
TERGALII
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Primary tracheation of
tracheal gills and secondary tracheation of tergalii.
A – abdominal segment of larva of
Protochauliodes sp. (Eumegaloptera) with left tracheal gill
(tracheae inside shown by red interrupted
line);
B – section of left half of sixth–eighths abdominal segments of
Ephemeroptera with two left tergalii
(tracheae originated from 7th abdominal spiracle shown by red
line;
arrows show points where thracheal trunks are break at molt).
Abbreviations: 6, 7, 8 –
abdominal segments; br – branchia (gill); ter –
tergalius; to – tracheal ostium (primary spiracle).
Figures from Kluge 2020: «Insect
systematics and principles of cladoendesis»
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Paraspiracular tracheal gill.
Paired abdominal appendage, whose trachea arises either directly from the spiracular
trachea of the same abdominal segment, or from the nearest point of tracheae
branching (Fig. A). Such tracheal gills appeared independently in aquatic larvae
of various insect taxa: some Odonata (e.g. Euphaeidae), some Plecoptera (e.g. Archiperlaria),
all Meganeuroptera (Fig. A), some Coleoptera (e.g. Gyrinidae, Psephenidae), some
Birostrata (e.g. Sisyridae), many Trichoptera, some Lepidoptera, some Diptera.
In course of evolution, paraspiracular tracheal gill appeared as respiratory organ substituting
the primary spiracle and tracheated from the primary spiracular trachea.
Terrestrial larvae of Diptera have secondary spiracles of the same origin.
Tracheal gills are analogous, but not homologous organs,
because they appeared independently in non-related taxa to provide the same
function.
Tergalius. Paired abdominal
appendage of peculiar structure, known only in larvae of Ephemeroptera. Tergalii
have constant place of attachment on posterior-lateral corner of abdominal
tergite, always moved by the special tergalial muscles having constant position
in abdomen, have homologous morphological features and the same developmental
features (Kluge 2004). In contrast to tracheal gills, tracheation of tergalii is
secondary: the tergalial trachea arises not from the spiracular trachea, but from
the longitudinal tracheal trunk; point on the trunk, from which the tergalial
trachea arises, belongs not to the abdominal segment bearing this tergalius, but
to the next abdominal segment (Fig. B) (Landa 1949). Tergalii of various pairs
in various mayfly taxa have various functions or are non-functional; sometimes
they serve for respiration, and in this case could be called «tracheal
gills» (if use the term «tracheal gill» for other respiratory
appendages of known origin, e.g. maxillary palps of Arthroplea).
Probably, abdominal tergalii of mayfly larvae are serial homologous of meso- and
metathoracic wings and are inherited by Ephemeroptera from the common ancestor
of Pterygota (Kluge 1989).
Tergalii are
homologous, but not analogous organs, because they have the same origin and
different functions.
Publications:
[Kluge N.J.] Клюге Н.Ю. 1989.
Вопрос о
гомологии трахейных жабр и паранотальных
выростов личинок поденок и крыльев
насекомых в связи с систематикой и
филогенией отряда поденок (Ephemeroptera) [The problem
of the homology of the tracheal gills and paranotal processi of the mayfly
larvae and wings of the insects with reference to the taxonomy and phylogeny
of the order Ephemeroptera]. // Чтения памяти
Холодковского: доклады на 41-м ежегодном
чтении памяти Н.А. Холодковского 1 апреля
1988 г., Ленинград, «Наука». [Chteniya
pamyati N.A. Kholodkovskogo, Leningrad, «Nauka»] 41:
48–77. PDF
Kluge
N. 2004. The phylogenetic system of Ephemeroptera. //
Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. i-xiii + 1-442. PDF
[Kluge N.J.] Клюге Н.Ю. 2020.
Систематика насекомых и принципы
кладоэндезиса. В 2 томах.
Товарищество научных изданий КМК,
Москва: 1037 с. [Insect systematics and principles of
cladoendesis. In 2 volumes. Moscow: KMK Scientific Press: 1–1037] (in Russian).
Landa V. 1949.
Svlékáni tracheálního systému larev a nymf
jepic.
[Moulting of the tracheal system of ephemerids larvae and nymphs.] // Casopis Ceské spolecnosti
Entomologické (= Acta Societatis Entomologicae
Cechosloveniae) 46(1–2): 1–10. PDF
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