NOMINA CIRCUMSCRIBENTIA INSECTORUM

CONTENTS

REFERENCES

A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K   L   M   N   O   P   Q   R   S   T   U   V   W   X   Y   Z  

Typified names: A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z 

NOMEN: Metabola Burmeister 1832 [H. Burmeister. Handbuch der Entomologie. Bd.1, 1832]

ORIGINAL LISTED MEMBERSHIP (Burmeister 1832): (Neuropteroidea + Mecaptera + Trichoptera {?+ Plecoptera}) (= "Neuroptera" sensu Burmeister 1829) + (Diptera + Aphaniptrera) (= "Diptera" sensu Burmeister 1829)  + Lepidoptera + (Hymenoptera + Strepsiptera) (="Hymenoptera" sensu Burmeister 1829) + Coleoptera sensu Degeer

CIRCUMSCRIPTIONAL SYNONYMS:
= Heteromorpha Westwood 1839 (non Heteromorphes Blainville 1816)

= Olometabolia Berlese 1913 (as type of metamorphosis)

= Heterognatha Borner 1920?1914 (non Heterognatha Saussure & Humbert 1872)

= Oligoneoptera Martynov 1923

= Euneoptera Martynov 1924

=?Entopteraria

= Endopterygotida Boudreaux 1979

= Endoneoptera Kukalova-Peck & Brauckmann 1992

TYPIFIED NAME IN BASIC FORMAT: Scarabaeus/fg (sine Blatta, Forficula, Perla, Embia, Cicada; incl. Hemerobius, Papilio) 
TYPIFIED NAME IN USE: Scarabaeiformes

MODERN STATUS: the valid, the oldest name of a generally accepted, holophyletic taxon.

 The names Metabola Burmeister 1832, Holometabola Burmeister 1835 and Endopterygota Sharp 1899 are often used as synonyms; however, their original circumscriptions are different, and these names are nor circumscriptional synonyms:

WWWWWWWWWWWW
Metabola Burmeister 1832	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Holometabola Burmeister 1835	-	-	+	-	+	+	+	+	+
Endopterygota Sharp 1898	+	+	-	+	+	+	+	+	+
Oligoneoptera Martynov 1923	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+

Kluge 2010 BioNomina Dual-Nom :

The taxon Metabola (= Oligoneoptera) encompassing all insects with complete metamorphosis, is generally accepted. Its newly discovered autapomorphies and the nature of the metamorphosis have been discussed in an earlier paper (Kluge 2005a).

The name “Holometabola”, routinely applied to this taxon, does not fit it in its original circumscription. The name was first published in ‘Handbuch der Entomologie’ (Burmeister 1832–1855). Volume 1 (1832) has no mention of Holometabola; the insects are divided into ‘Insecta ametabola’ and ‘Insecta metabola’, the latter containing what we include in this taxon now. The names Hemimetabola and Holometabola first appear in Part 1 of the Volume 2 (1835), with “Insecta ametabola Leach” mentioned as a synonym of Hemimetabola, and “Insecta metabola Leach” as a synonym of Holometabola. However, Leach (1815) used the names Ametabolia and Metabolia rather than Ametabola and Metabola, and placed with Metabolia Leach 1815 all the winged insects, not just those with complete metamorphosis.

In Volume 2, Burmeister defines Hemimetabola and Holometabola differently than ‘Insecta ametabola’ and ‘Insecta metabola’ in Volume 1: In Vol.1, what is now Trichoptera, Mecaptera, and Neuropteroidea was placed among ‘Insecta metabola’; in Vol.2, among Hemimetabola (Talbe 3), based on their walking pupa (At the time, the terms ʻpupaʼ and ʻnymphʼ were used interchangeably and applied to insects with any type of metamorphosis). Now we know that pupae of Trichoptera, Rhaphidioptera and some Birostrata can walk only at pharate imago phase; prior to that the pupal legs are immovable (Kluge 2005a).

Circumscriptional rules prohibit applying the name Holometabola Burmeister 1835 to any taxa that include Trichoptera, Mecaptera, or Neuropteroidea; the artificial taxon fitting original circumscription of the name Holometabola is no longer recognized. On the other hand, the name Metabola Burmeister 1832 in its original circumscription fits a larger taxon, generally recognized and considered holophyletic.

“Endopterygota” is another name widely used to refer to this taxon. However, the original circumscription of the name Endopterygota Sharp 1899 does not fit Metabola, since it does not include the fleas, which were placed then with Anapterygota Sharp 1899, a polyphyletic assemblage of insects that have lost wings (see Table). Some like the name Endopterygota because it reflects an alleged major autapomorphy of this taxon — the internal larval wing anlagen, which is in fact a misinterpreted feature (Kluge 2005a).

Originally, Plecoptera (as genera Nemura and Perla – see Burmeister 1829), being attributed to the order "Neuroptera" were included to Metabola. This taxon should be excluded from the original net included membership of Metabola, as erroneously listed contrary to the diagnosis provided for Metabola in the original publication. 

 

Entognatha Triplura	Parasita	Ephemeroptera Odonata Polyneoptera Copeognatha Condylognatha	Neuropteroidea Mecaptera Trichoptera	Coleoptera Strepsiptera Hymenoptera Diptera Lepidoptera	Aphaniptera
Ametabolia Leach 1815		Metabolia Leach 1815
Ametabola Burmeister 1832			Metabola Burmeister 1832
Hemimetabola Burmeister 1835				Holometabola Burmeister 1835
Apterygota Lang 1888: Sharp 1899	Anapterygota Sharp 1899, partim	Exopterygota Sharp 1899,	Endopterygota Sharp 1899		Anapterygota Sharp 1899, partim