CLADOENDESIS OF EPHEMEROPTERA

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(1) Maxillae are modified as biting, with all 3 canines and distal dentiseta elongated and heavily sclerotized (Kluge 2015: Fig.49-51); in some species mandibles are also modified for biting.

(2) In imago and subimago 1^st segment of fore tarsus is relatively long, not less than 1/2 of 2^nd segment. Among Rhithrogena/fg3 the same in Epeiron, unlike Rhithrogena/fg4 and Sibirigena; the same in majority of mayflies.

(3) Each penis lobe is more or less tubular, with gonopore apically; sides near apex bear spines or denticles, including latero-dorsal [see Pentamerotarsata (5)] and medio-dorsal ones; titillators [ventral – see Rhithrogena/fg3 (5)] are always well-developed. The same in Rhithrogena/fg4, unlike Sibirigena and Epeiron.

(4) All species have similar coloration (see original description for Rh. tianshanica) and incised margins of all tergalii I–VII [see Rhithrogena/fg3 (3)] (Sinitshenkova 1973: Fig.1). The same in some Rhithrogena/fg4.

Variable characters of Himalogena. Larvae of some species (stackelbergi [Rh.], nepalensis [Rh.], gunti [Rh.]) have mandibles and labrum usual for Rhithrogena/fg3, while larvae of other species (tianshanica [Rh.], pamirica [Rh.], carnivora [Rh.]) have mouthapparatus highly specialized for carnivorism (Kluge 2015: Fig.85-86). Imaginal and subimaginal claws can be either ephemeropteroid (in tianshanica [Rh.], stackelbergi [Rh.] and semicarnivora [Rh.]), or pointed (in nepalensis [Rh.], gunti [Rh.], pamirica [Rh.] and carnivora [Rh.]) (see Variable characters of Heptagennota and Index of characters [2.2.85]).